Evaluation of immune response against hepatitis A and typhoid vaccines and their combination

The immunogenicity of both Typhoid Vi polysaccharide and inactivated Hepatitis A vaccines were tested and the immunogenic reflection of each vaccine on the other one in combination was detected. Groups of balb/C mice were immunized with different formulations containing different concentrations of typhoid Vi polysaccharide and hepatitis A vaccines, Four experiments were done a fellows:-Exp. I group I [mice was injected with alum 1mg/ ml], group 2, 3, 4 were immunized with three concentration [25, 12.5.6.25 micro g / ml typhoid [Ty] vaccine respectively. Exp. II groups 5, 6, 7 were immunized with hepatitis A [HA] vaccine with three concentration [400, 200, 100 IU/ ml respectively. Exp. III group 3A was immunized with [25 micro g / ml Ty vaccine], groups 33, 3C, 3D were immunized with combination of typhoid and hepatitis A vaccines [25 micro g / ml Ty +400, 200, 100 IU /ml HA respectively]. Exp. IV group 4A was immunized with [400 IU /ml HA vaccine], groups 43, 4C were immunized with combination of hepatitis A and typhoid vaccines. The results revealed that hepatitis A vaccine has a synergistic effect on the immunogenicity of typhoid Vi vaccine. On the other hand, the immune response against hepatitis A was higher when combined with different concentrations of typhoid vaccine

Study the nature and potentiation of immune response of tetanus toxoid

Immunoglobulin play an essential role in the body's immune system. The present study was designed to determined the antibodies [IgM, IgG and IgG [T]] against immunomodulators tetanus toxoid vaccine and ultracorn, in the serum horse. Twelve draughting horses of both sexes with average age of 4-6 years and 250 kg weight were used throughout the experiment. Horses were divided into four groups as follows: The first control group represented [horses not received any vaccine or immunomodulators]; The second horses were injected I.M with 6ml of 60 LF purified concentrated tetanus toxoid vaccine and reinjected with same dose 6 weeks later. The third were injected S.C with 6 ml ultracorn and reinjected with same dose 6 weeks later. The fourth group horses were injected TM. with 6 ml of 60 LF tetanus adsorbed toxoid vaccine simultaneously with S.C. injection of 6m1 ultracorn. The horses injected purified concentrated tetanus toxoid vaccine, showed gradual increase of the serum immunoglobulin level [IgM, lgG, IgG [T]] after 1[st],2d,3rd and 4[th] weeks reached to the maximum level at 3rd weeks and then decreased up 6th weeks. While increased again after re-injection with the same dose at 8[th], 12[th] and 16[th] weeks. Also IgM, IgG and IgG [T] concentration patterns [mg/100 ml] at different intervals before and after vaccination with tetanus adsorbed toxoid vaccine and ultracorn immunopotntiator simultaneously showed more-increase of the [IgM, IgG IgG [T] after 1[st],2[nd],3[rd] and 4[th] weeks reached to the maximum level at 3 weeks and then decreased up 6 weeks. In group of horses injected with ultracorn alone showed increased of the serum immunoglobulin level [IgM, IgG, IgG [T]] at the same time intervals but less than tetanus toxoid group or tetanus toxoid with ultracorn immunopotntiator group. In conclusions the horses injected I.M with 6ml of 60 LF tetanus adsorbed toxoid vaccine simultaneously with S.C injection of 6 ml ultracorn showed maximum serum immunoglobulin level [IgM, IgG, lgG [T]]

Sequential and combined immunization of infants with oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines: controlled study of reactogenicty and immunogenicity

We conducted a clinical trial to assess an immunization schedule combining oral [OPV] and inactivated poliovirus vaccines [IPV] in infants residing four rural communities in Abu Homos district, Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Infants in group "A" received OPV during their first month and at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Infants in group "B" received OPV during their first month and 2 months followed by both OPV and IPV at 4 and 6 months of age [combined-schedule group]. The OPV vaccine is manufactured by Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines [VACSERA] in Egypt while the IPV is a product of Pasteur Merieux [France]. Adverse events were monitored for three days after each dose. Blood was collected before immunization and 4 weeks after each dose to assess vaccine specific serological response. A total of 163 infants received 3 correct doses, had inter-dose intervals within the allowable range and provided 4 samples of blood, were included in the per protocol analysis [85 in group "A" and 78 in group "B"]. There was no statistically significant intergroup difference in the percentage of subject reporting the primary safety endpoint [diarrhea, vomiting, fever, irritability or local reactions at the site of IPV injection] during the 3-day after each dose. There was a statistically significant greater reporting of ill feeling in group "A" after dose I and II [p<0.001] compared to group "B". All infants in the two groups acquired protective immunity, determined as possession of neutralizing antibodies at titre > 1:8 after completing vaccination. However, the geometric mean titres to each poliovirus type were significantly higher in vaccinees in group B [p<0.001]. Seroconversion rates [> 4-fold rise in titre] to each poliovirus type were high in the two treatment groups after the last dose. Difference in seroconversion rates between the two treatment groups was not statistically significant. These finding demonstrated that the combined use of OPV and IPV didn't improve immunogenicity over the use of OPV alone. The study protocol and subject-informed consent were approved by independent Ethics Committee of the participating institution [VACSERA] and the National Organization for Drug Control and Research [Egyptian National Regulatory Authority]. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonization for Good Clinical Practice. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to conducting study-related procedures

Administration of tetanus toxoid [TT] to pregnant women versus tetanus and reduced diphtheria [Td]: a randomized controlled

We conducted a clinical trial to compare the immunogenicity, reactogenicity and efficacy of Tetanus Toxoid [TT] and the combined Tetanus and reduced Diphtheria [Td] in pregnant women residing four rural communities in Egypt. The study has been designed as a randomized controlled trial. Pregnant women in each of the four villages received either TT or Td randomly. Both TT and Td vaccines are manufactured by the Egyptian Company for Biological Products and Vaccines [VACSERA] in Egypt. A total of 131 pregnant women were enrolled at the time of their antenatal care visit [at the beginning of their fifth gestational month] to one of four health units in Abu Homos district, Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Previously un-immunized women received at random 2 doses of TT or Td eight weeks apart during their pregnancy. Active outpatient follow-up for adverse events was done on the third day after each dose. Local [pain, redness and swelling] or general [fever, malaise and headache or body aches] reactions during the 3-day post-dosing interval served as the primary safety end point. Blood was collected 3 times from each subject to detect antibody level against tetanus and diphtheria by ELISA. The first sample was collected immediately before the first dose, the second before the 2[nd] dose and the third sample one week after delivery. Active surveillance home visits to all study participants were conducted twice. The first home visit was during the first week after delivery and the second one month after labor to report the health status of the mother and the baby. A total of 122 pregnant women received 2 correct doses had inter-dose intervals within the allowable range and provided 3 samples of blood, were included in per protocol analysis [62 in the TT group and 60 in the Td group]. There was no statistically significant inter group difference in the percentage of subject reporting the primary safety endpoint [fever, malaise, body ache, headache] or local reactions at the site of injection as redness and swelling, during the 3-day after each dose. There was a statistically significant greater reporting of pain at injection site in the Td group after dose I and II compared to the TT group. Home visits revealed normal mothers and babies on clinical examination in both groups. However, more babies in the TT group suffered from physiological jaundice. All women in the two groups acquired protective immunity for tetanus, determined as possession of neutralizing antibodies at titre>0.10 IU/ml after completing vaccination. However, the geometric mean titres of tetanus post dose I and II were significantly higher in vaccinees in the TT group [P<0.001]. For diphtheria, post vaccination seroprotection [titre>0.10 lU/ml] was significantly higher in the group received Id than the TT group. Geometric mean Titres of diphtheria post dose II were significantly higher in vaccinees in the Td compared to the other group [P<0.0001]. These finding demonstrared that the use o Td vaccine improves immunogenicity for both tetanus and diphtheria over the use of 'IT vaccine alone and may be recommended to replace TT in immunization of pregnant women.